主詞焦點詞綴
動詞是最重要且最難學的詞類之一。在他加祿語中，有許多種類的詞綴用於形成動詞。他加祿語的動詞沒有時態，而是狀態和語氣。
在處理不及物動詞形式之前，我們必須首先了解這些動詞是什麼。
什麼是不及物動詞？
不及物動詞是強調行為者本身，無需依賴接收者或物件即可完整表達一個概念的動詞。
我們將介紹了三種不及物動詞的詞綴：MAG、MA 與 UM。這些詞綴在含義上沒有差異，有的詞根只會搭配特定的詞綴。這些詞綴的不同形式，我們會在這裡進一步探討。
詞綴 MAG
淺談詞綴 MAG, 首先來看看如何使用詞綴 MAG 來建構動詞：
| 詞綴 | 字根 | 原型動詞 |
|---|---|---|
Past
nag + root word
Ex.: sulat (write)
nag + sulat → nagsulat (wrote)
Present nag + first syllable of the root word + root word Ex.: sulat (write) nag + su + sulat → nagsusulat (writing) Future mag + first syllable of the root word + root word Ex.: sulat (write) mag + su + sulat → magsusulat (will write)
詞綴 Ma
Next is the affix MA, this form has fewer verbs compared to the other two; MAG & UM
Infinitive
ma + root word
Ex.: tulog (sleep)
ma + tulog → matulog (to sleep)
Past
na + root word
Ex.: tulog (sleep)
na + tulog → natulog (slept)
Present na + first syllable of the root word + root word Ex.: tulog (sleep) na + tu + tulog → natutulog (sleeping) Future ma + first syllable of the root word + root word Ex.: tulog (sleep) ma + tu + tulog → matutulog (will sleep)
詞綴 Um
The affix UM is divided into two kinds of forms: one for the root word that starts with a consonant and the other one for the root word that starts with a vowel. First we’re going to start with the forms of the root words that start with a consonant. Infinitive first letter of the root word (consonant) + um + remnants of the root word Ex.: kain (eat) k + um + ain → kumain (to eat)
Past first letter of the root word (consonant) + um + remnants of the root word Ex.: kain (eat) k + um + ain → kumain (ate) Present first letter of the root word (consonant) + um + second letter of the root word (vowel) + root word Ex.: kain (eat) k + um + a + kain → kumakain (eating) Future First syllable of the root word + root word Ex.: kain (eat) ka + kain → kakain (will eat)
Now let’s tackle the forms for the roots that start with a vowel. Infinitive um + root word Ex.: alis (leave) um + alis → umalis (to leave) Past um + root word Ex.: alis (leave) um + alis → umalis (left)
Present um + first syllable of the root word (vowel) + root word Ex.: alis (leave) um + a + alis → umaalis (leaving) Future first syllable of the root word (vowel) + root word Ex.: alis (leave) a + alis → aalis (will leave) Notice that for the UM affix, the infinitive and past have the same structure.
Example Sentences
Let’s have some example sentences with these intransitive forms:
- Naglakad ako kanina. — I walked earlier. • Nagsusulat siya ngayon. — She’s writing now. • Maghuhugas ako ng plato mamaya. — I will wash the dishes later. • Gusto ko munang magpahinga. — I want to rest for now. • Mag-aral ka. — You study.
- Naglakad ako kanina.
- I walked earlier.